Thomas Friedman: The two codes your kids need to know

A few years ago, the leaders of the College Board, the folks who administer the SAT college entrance exam, asked themselves a radical question: Of all the skills and knowledge that we test young people for that we know are correlated with success in college  and in life, which is the most important? Their answer: the ability to master "two codes" — computer science and the U.S. Constitution.

Since then they've been adapting the SATs and the College Board's Advanced Placement program to inspire and measure knowledge of both. I asked the two people who led this move — David Coleman, president of the College Board, and Stefanie Sanford, its chief of global policy — to please show their work: "Why these two codes?"

Their short answer was that if you want to be an empowered citizen in our democracy — able not only to navigate society and its institutions but also to improve and shape them, and not just be shaped by them — you need to know how the code of the U.S. Constitution works. And if you want to be an empowered and adaptive worker or artist or writer or scientist or teacher — and be able to shape the world around you, and not just be shaped by it — you need to know how computers work and how to shape them.

With computing, the internet, big data and artificial intelligence now the essential building blocks of almost every industry, any young person who can master the principles and basic coding techniques that drive computers and other devices "will be more prepared for nearly every job," Coleman and Sanford said in a joint statement explaining their initiative. "At the same time, the Constitution forms the foundational code that gives shape to America and defines our essential liberties — it is the indispensable guide to our lives as productive citizens."

So rather than have SAT exams and Advanced Placement courses based on things that you cram for and forget, they are shifting them, where they can, to promote the "two codes."

In 2016, the College Board completely revamped its approach to AP computer science courses and exams. In the original computer science course, which focused heavily on programming in Java, nearly 80 percent of students were men. And a large majority were white and Asian, said Coleman. What that said to women and underrepresented minorities was, "How would you like to learn the advanced grammar of a language that you aren't interested in?"

Turned out that was not very welcoming. So, explained Coleman, they decided to "change the invitation" to their new Computer Science Principles course by starting with the question: What is it that you'd like to do in the world? Music? Art? Science? Business? Great! Then come build an app in the furtherance of that interest and learn the principles of computer science, not just coding, Coleman said. "Learn to be a shaper of your environment, not just a victim of it."

The new course debuted in 2016. Enrollment was the largest for a new course in the history of Advanced Placement, with more than 44,000 students nationwide. Two years later The Christian Science Monitor reported, "More high school students than ever are taking the College Board's Advanced Placement (AP) computer science exams, and those taking them are increasingly female and people of color."

The AP U.S. Government and Politics course was also reworked. Every student needs to understand that, as Coleman put it, "our country was argued into existence — and that is the first thing that binds us — but also has some of the tensions that divide us. So we thought, 'What can we do to help replace the jeering with productive conversation?'"

It had to start in high school, said Sanford, who is leading the "two codes" initiative. "Think of how much more ready you are to participate in college and society with an understanding of the five freedoms that the First Amendment protects — of speech, assembly, petition, press and religion. The First Amendment lays the foundation for a mature community of conversation and ideas — built on the right and even obligation to speak up and, when needed, to protest, but not to interrupt and prevent others from speaking."

This becomes particularly important, she noted, "when technology and democracy are thought of as in conflict but are actually both essential" and need to work in tandem.

One must observe only how Facebook was abused in the 2016 election to see that two of the greatest strengths of America — innovation and free speech — have been weaponized. If they are not harmonized, well, Houston, we have a problem.

Sanford's mantra is "Knowledge, skills and agency": "Kids learn things, learn how to do things and then discover that they can use all that to make a difference in the world.