Commodore BASIC Character Set               
 
                  BLANK - separates keywords and variable names       
          ;       SEMI-COLON - used in variable lists to format output
          =       EQUAL SIGN - value assignment and relationship testing
          +       PLUS SIGN - arithmetic addition or string concatenation
                             (concatenation: linking together in a chain)
          -       MINUS SIGN - arithmetic subtraction, unary minus     
          *       ASTERISK - arithmetic multiplication                 
          /       SLASH - arithmetic division                         
          ^       UP ARROW - arithmetic exponentiation                 
          (       LEFT PARENTHESIS - expression evaluation and functions
          )       RIGHT PARENTHESIS - expression evaluation and functions
          %       PERCENT - declares variable name as an integer       
          #       NUMBER - comes before logical file number in input/ 
                           output statements                           
          $       DOLLAR SIGN - declares variable name as a string     
          ,       COMMA - used in variable lists to format output; also
                          separates command parameters                 
          .       PERIOD - decimal point in floating point constants   
          "       QUOTATION MARK - encloses string constants           
          :       COLON - separates multiple BASIC statements in a line
          ?       QUESTION MARK - abbreviation for the keyword PRINT   
          <       LESS THAN - used in relationship tests               
          >       GREATER THAN - used in relationship tests           
         {pi}     PI - the numeric constant 3.141592654

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Always type NEW and hit <RETURN-ENTER> before starting a new program.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A person should really read the:

COMMODORE 64 PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE GUIDE

http://www.commodore.ca/manuals/c64_programmers_reference/c64-programmers_reference.htm

http://www.commodore.ca/manuals/c64_users_guide/c64-users_guide.htm

http://project64.c64.org/hw/c64.html

Anyhow read:

Hierarchy of Operations .....................................   15

And 10 to 17 pages

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Read about the PRINT  and the PRINT# keywords on pages 70 to 76

--------------------

EXPONENTIATION
Use the up arrow (^) to raise a number to a power.  Press the  <RETURN>
key after you type the calculation.  For example, to find 12 to the fifth
power, type this:
PRINT 12^5                      Key in this and <RETURN>

    248832                          The computer displays this

This is the same as:

PRINT 12*12*12*12*12

    248832

--------------------

3.3. MULTIPLE CALCULATIONS ON ONE LINE

The  last  example shows that you can perform more than one calculation

on  a  line.  You can also perform different kinds of calculations on the

same line. For example:

PRINT 3 * 5 - 7 + 2                 Key in this and <RETURN>

10                              The computer displays this

So  far  our  examples have used small numbers and simple problems. But

the 64 can do much more complex calculations. The next example adds large

numbers.

Notice that 78956.87 doesn't have a comma between the 8 and the 9.  You

can't  use  commas  this  way in BASIC.  BASIC thinks commas indicate new

numbers,  so it would think  78,956.87  is two numbers:  78  and  956.87.

Remember to press <RETURN> after you type the problem.

PRINT 1234.5 + 3457.8 + 78956.87

83649.17

The next example uses a ten digit number.  The 64 can work with numbers

that  have  up  to  ten  digits,  but can only display nine digits in the

answer.  So the 64 rounds numbers that are more than nine digits. Numbers

five  and  over  are  rounded up,  and numbers four and under are rounded

down.  This  means that 12123123.45 is rounded to 12123123.5.  Because of

rounding,  the  computer  doesn't  give  the same answer you'd get if you

added  these  numbers by hand.  In this case, the answer is 12131364.817.

You can see the difference rounding makes.

PRINT 12123123.45 + 345.78 + 7895.687

12131364.9

The  64  prints numbers between  0.01  and  999,999,999  using standard

notation, except for leaving out commas in large numbers. Numbers outside

this  range  are  printed using scientific notation.  Scientific notation

lets you express a very large or very small number as a power of 10.  For

example:

PRINT 123000000000000000

1.23E+17

Another way of expressing this number is  1.23 * 10 ^ 17.  The  64 uses

scientific  notation  for numbers with lots of digits to make them easier

to read.

There  is  a  limit to the numbers the computer can handle,  even using

scientific notation. These limits are:

Largest numbers : +/- 1.70141183E+38

Smallest numbers: +/- 2.93873588E-39

3.4. EXECUTION ORDER IN CALCULATIONS

If you tried to perform some mixed calculations of your own,  you might

not  have  gotten the results you expected.  This is because the computer

performs calculations in a certain order.

In this calculation:

20 + 8 / 2

the answer is 14 if you add 20 to 8 first,  and  then divide 28 by 4. But

the answer is 24 if you first divide 8 by 2, and then add 20 and 4.

On  the  64,  you  always  get  24 because the computer always performs

calculations  in the same order.  Problems are solved from left to right,

but  within  that  general  movement,  some  types  of  calculations take

precedence over others. Here is the order of precedence:

First :   -     minus sign for negative numbers, not for subtraction.

Second:   ^     exponentiation, left to right

Third :   * /   multiplication and division, left to right

Fourth:   + -   addition and subtraction, left to right

This  means that the computer checks the whole calculation for negative

numbers before doing anything else.  Then it looks for exponents; then it

performs all multiplication and division; then it adds and subtracts.

This explains why  20 + 8 / 2  is  24:  8 is divided by 2  before 20 is

added because division has precedence over addition.

There  is an easy way to override the order of precedence:  enclose any

calculation you want solved first in parentheses.  If you add parentheses

to the equation shown above, here's what happens:

PRINT (20 + 8) / 2

14

You  get  14  because the parentheses allow 20 and 8 to be added before

the division occurs.

Here's another example that shows how you can change the order, and the

answer, with parentheses:

PRINT 30 + 15 * 2 - 3

57

PRINT (30 + 15) * 2 - 3

87

PRINT 30 + 15 * (2 - 3)

15

PRINT (30 + 15) * (2 - 3)

-45

The last example has two calculations in parentheses. As usual, they're

evaluated from left to right, and then the rest of the problem is solved.

When  you have more than one calculation in parentheses,  you can further

control the order by using parentheses within parentheses. The problem in

the innermost parentheses is solved first. For example:

PRINT 30 + (15 * (2 - 3))

15

    In this case,  3 is subtracted from 2, then 15 is multiplied by -1, and

-15  is added to 30.  As you experiment with solving calculations, you'll

get familiar with the order in which mixed calculations are solved.

3.5. COMBINING PRINT'S CAPABILITIES

The 64 computers let you combine the two types of print statements that

you've  read  about  in this book.  Remember that anything you enclose in

quotation marks is displayed exactly as you type it.

The  next  example  shows  how  you  can  combine  the  types  of PRINT

statements.  The  equation  enclosed in quotes is displayed without being

solved. The equation not in quotes is solved. The semicolon separates the

two parts of the PRINT statement (semicolon means no space).

PRINT "5 * 9 ="; 5 * 9              You key in this and <RETURN>

5 * 9 = 45                      The computer displays this

Remember,  only  the  second  part of the statement actually solves the

calculation.  The two parts are separated by a semicolon. You always have

to  separate  the  parts of a mixed PRINT statement with some punctuation

for  it  to work the way you want it to.  If you use a comma instead of a

semicolon,  there  is  more  space  between  the  two  parts when they're

displayed. A semicolon leaves out space.

The 64's screen is organized into 4 zones of 10 columns each.  When you

use a comma to separate parts of a PRINT statement,  the comma works as a

tab, sending each result into the next zone. For example:

PRINT "TOTAL:";95,"SHORTAGE:";15

TOTAL: 95           SHORTAGE: 15

If you have more than four results, they are automatically displayed on

the next line. For example:

PRINT 2 * 3,4 - 6,2 ^ 3,6 / 4,100 + (-48)

6        -2         8         1.5

52

Here's the difference when you use semicolons:

PRINT 2 * 3;4 - 6;2 ^ 3;6 / 4;100 + (-48)

6 -2  8  1.5  52

You  can  use  the  difference  between  the comma and the semicolon in

formatting PRINT statements to create complex displays.

--------------------------------------------------

So next the END KEYWORD

NEW

10 REM How to use the END keyword command

12 PRINT "RED","BROWN","GREEN"

14 END

-----

Copy that and then paste onto the C64 program and then type RUN and hit ENTER

Get:

RED          BROWN          GREEN

READY.

------------

Also it can work like this:

10 REM How to use the END keyword

12 PRINT"RED":PRINT"BROWN":PRINT"GREEN":END

Copy that and then paste onto the program and then type RUN and hit Enter and the get:

RED

BROWN

GREEN

READY.

-------------

All of that also works on DIRECT Mode, without line numbers.

----------------------------------

Well you already know about the LIST keyword, it will LIST a program loaded into memory into the C64 Interpreter.

----------------------------

If you already have a program listing into the program's memory and want to delete a line for example:

Line 10

10 REM How to use the END keyword command

12 PRINT "RED","BROWN","GREEN"

14 END

Type line 10 without anything on it like this:

10

Then hit the Enter key.

Now list the program's lines:

LIST

And you will see that line 10 is now gone:

12 PRINT "RED","BROWN","GREEN"

14 END

--------------

To change a line for example line 12 type it again:

12 PRINT "RED","BROWN"

14 END

Now if you RUN it you will get:

RED          BROWN

READY.

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Well that is all for today.